Abstract:
Reproduction, both sexual and asexual, is a fundamental and evolving process
to sustain life in this universe. Thus, the understanding of this process has been the
inspiration to investigators. However, as the mammalian organism has evolved, this
biological process became highly complex (Wang and Dey 2006a). As the evolution
continues, the complexity also increases and leads to reproduction-related
complications, primary or secondary, and given that the human race is also not spared
being a highly evolved mammal.
1.1 Infertility
If a couple doesn’t conceive Infertility is a common clinical issue worldwide
and is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive naturally after 12 months of
regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. The prevalence of infertility in the
reproductive age couple is 8-12% worldwide (Vander and Wyns 2018; von et al.
2014). Additionally, apart from this, every year, 60–80 million couples are suffering
from infertility throughout the globe, and Indian couples are contributing 15 to 20
million (25%) in this (Poongothai et al. 2009). Furthermore, the World Health
Organization (WHO) has reported that in developing countries, every fourth couple is
suffering from infertility (Mascarenhas et al. 2012). Infertility affects the male and
female mentally, physically, and socially leading to significant disturbance in quality
of life (QoL) (Jansen and Saint Onge 2015; Lakatos et al. 2017; Namavar et al. 2018).
Further, the infertility can be caused due to ovarian origin anomalies, polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, and uterine
derived disorders (Vander and Wyns 2018). Out of these all, PCOS is one of the
leading causes of female infertility and affects 8-13% of reproductive-aged women
worldwide (Bozdag et al. 2016). Unfortunately, PCOS infertility prevalence is 75%,
mainly due to anovulation feature (Homburg 2004).
1.2 Ovary as a reproductive and endocrine organ
Ovarian tissue is a well-organized primary organ consisting of germ cells
(oocytes or eggs) and somatic cells, which include granulosa, theca, and stromal cells
whose interactions are required for the formation and development of oocyte
